In today's rapidly advancing technological landscape, the proliferation of motorized vehicles, particularly motorcycles, continues to grow. Motorcycles play a crucial role in facilitating transportation for a broader community. As more daily activities become reliant on road networks, the volume of road users has escalated significantly, resulting in an increased risk of accidents. Unfortunately, many motorcycle riders neglect the importance of wearing helmets, a fundamental safety measure. To address this pressing issue, we propose the development of a helmet detection system for motorcycle riders. This system aims to encourage responsible helmet usage and minimize negligence among motorists. Our research employs an Arduino Uno microcontroller and various components, including the NRF24L01 wireless module, Limit Switch, battery, charger module for input, and Arduino Uno, NRF24L01, and Relay for output. Our study demonstrates that the designed system functions effectively. It operates only when the rider is wearing a helmet, enabling the motorcycle to start by activating a relay that connects power to the motorcycle socket. The Arduino status is triggered when both Limit Switch 1 and 2 are pressed. The maximum distance between the two NRF24L01 modules is found to be 2 meters. Through our experiments, we have successfully demonstrated that the motorcycle can be started only when the rider is wearing a helmet and securely fastens the helmet strap. This innovation promotes driving safety and encourages responsible helmet usage.

Background and Objectives: Salt production is an ancient industry that still used primitive or traditional systems of evaporation. As technology continues to prosper in all aspects of life; the use of technology-based products is still a challenge in salt production. With the tedious activities and processes in salt farming; salt producers and salt farmers continue to look for alternatives to lessen the hard works. Salt farm activities initially started with the intrusion of saline water into the salt beds, but monitoring of the saline water is needed to ensure that only saline water can enter the salt farms to ensure the quantity and quality of salts.Methods: This study aims to present a GSM-based water salinity monitoring system to lessen the frequent and manual monitoring of water salinity. The system is equipped with a solar panel, solar charger control, 12V battery, 12V relay, Arduino Uno, and GSM Module. Results: The overall rating of 3.32 reflects that the developed system met the design functions; the materials are appropriate and the specifications meet the desired purpose; the system is efficient and consistent with its desired objectives of lessening the manual activities involved in the monitoring of water salinity. As the pH and conductivity sensors read the salinity value, it send signals to the Arduino Uno; when the salinity level reads 34,000-35,000ppm a signal trigger the GSM Module to send a message to the gate valve. The performance efficiency of the system implied that the reaction of the Arduino Uno in triggering the GSM Module is in real-time as the salinity readings are received.Conclusion: The real-time reaction of the Arduino Uno to send signals to the GSM Module proved the advantages of using the system and the automatic salinity readings can lessen the frequent and laborious activity in water salinity monitoring.

Wheelchairs are essential for enhancing mobility in people with disabilities, but traditional models often lack advanced functionality and safety features. This study presents a smart wheelchair system that overcomes these limitations by integrating smartphone control via Bluetooth, using the Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller. The research addresses key challenges, including ensuring smooth control and safety in varying environments. The developed smartphone application, created using visual block programming, communicates with the Arduino system, which is coded in C++. This setup enables users to control the wheelchair’s movement through commands sent to DC motors, while an ultrasonic sensor detects obstacles, enhancing safety. Rigorous testing demonstrated the system’s reliability, with the ultrasonic sensor achieving a deviation of only 0.3 cm. The wheelchair supports users up to 53 kg, achieving a speed of 0.28 m/s, with performance decreasing for heavier users. The contributions of this study lie in the integration of advanced control and safety features, enhancing mobility, efficiency, and user safety, making it an innovative solution for users with limited physical capabilities.

This paper aims to establish an Arduino and IoT-based Hierarchical Multi-Agent System (HMAS) for management of loads’ side with incentive approach in a micro-grid. In this study, the performance of the proposed algorithm in a micro-grid has been verified. The micro-grid contains a battery energy storage system (BESS) and different types of loads known as residential consumer (RC), commercial consumer (CC), and industrial consumer (IC). The user interface on a smartphone directly communicates with the load management system via an integrated Ethernet Shield server which uses Wi-Fi communication protocol. Also, the communication between the Ethernet Shield and the Arduino microcontroller is based on Wi-Fi communication. A simulation model is developed in Java Agent Development Environment (JADE) for dynamic and effective energy administration, which takes an informed decision and chooses the most feasible action to stabilize, sustain, and enhance the micro-grid. Further, the environment variable is sensed through the Arduino microcontroller and sensors, and then given to the MAS agents in the IoT environment. The test results indicated that the system was able to effectively control and regulate the energy in the micro-grid.

Background: Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a device used to measure electrical impedance at frequencies from 0 Hz to 1 MHz. Many clinical diagnosis and fundamental researches, especially in the field of physiology and pathology, rely on this device. The device can be used to estimate human body composition, through the information of total body water, extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid, fat-free mass, and fat mass from its impedance. BIS analysis can provide physiological statuses such as ischemia, pulmonary edema, skin cancer, and intramuscular tumors. BIS is expected to be used even more widely, both for hospital or home-based use, particularly because BIS handy, compact, inexpensive, and less power-consuming with adequately accurate real-time. In previous research, the BIS design was based on the magnitude-ratio and phase-difference detection using the AD8302 gain-phase detector method which resulted in an operating range between 20 kHz and 1 MHz. However, the impedance was obtained from the logarithmic ratio magnitude which caused the device to have limited accuracy at frequencies <20 kHz. Methods: In this research, we conduct design and development of a low-cost Arduino-based electrical bioimpedance spectrometer. Results: The low-cost bioimpedance spectrometry was successfully developed using AD9850 as the programmable function generator, OPA2134 as the OpAm of voltage-controlled current source, AD620A as the instrument amplifier and AD536A as the alternating current to direct current converter which could work accurately from 0 Hz to 100 kHz. Conclusion: The multi-frequency bioimpedance device developed in this research has the capability to safely measure the impedance of the human body due to its relatively stable electric current, which is equal to (0. 370 ± 0. 003) mA with frequencies ranging from 5 to 200 kHz and has an accuracy of over 90% in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 100 kHz.

These days, heart illnesses are viewed as the essential purposes behind unforeseen passing. Along these lines, different clinical gadgets have been created by designers to analyze and examine different infections. Clinical consideration has gotten one of the main issues for the two individuals and government considering enthusiastic advancement in human people and clinical use. Numerous patients experience the ill effects of heart issues making some basic dangers their life, consequently they need ceaseless observing by a conventional checking framework for example, Electrocardiographic (ECG) which is the main procedure utilized in estimating the electrical movement of the heart, this method is accessible just in the emergency clinic which is exorbitant and far for distant patients. The improvement of far-off advancements enables to develop an association of related devices by methods for the web. The proposed ECG checking framework comprises of AD8382 ECG sensor to peruse patient's information, Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, and site page. The usage of the proposed ECG medical care framework empowers the specialist to screen the patient's distantly utilizing IoT http application library utilized in Arduino ide compiler to such an extent that it can send that information to website page made, on imagining the patient's ECG signal without human presence site page itself can book arrangement for that persistent, if it is anomalous. The observing cycle should be possible at whenever and anyplace without the requirement for the emergency clinic.